Everyone who works here now has a preliminary understanding of titanium, and knows that titanium is a kind of light weight, corrosion resistance, good heat resistance and many other excellent properties, known as "future metal" "21" Century Metal" is a promising new type of structural material. It has a metallic color similar to that of aluminum, and we also learned some knowledge about titanium. Let's start with sponge titanium. my country's titanium ore reserves are about 64% of the world's proven reserves. From the perspective of the type of ore industry, my country's titanium resources are mainly primary vanadium-titanium magnetite rocks, followed by exogenous titanium. Iron ore sand mine, the third is rutile rock mine, the fourth is rutile sand mine, my country's titanium concentrate capacity is only distributed in Panzhihua, Sichuan, Hainan, Guangxi, Panzhihua is the largest supply base of titanium concentrate in my country, accounting for 90% of the Chinese market %above. Titanium resources are mainly used to produce titanium dioxide, titanium metal (sponge titanium), titanium-containing steel, and titanium welding wires and coatings. Titanium sponge is mainly produced by magnesium reduction and sodium reduction (distillation method), and other methods have not been industrialized. At the end of 2008, China's titanium sponge output reached 60,000 tons, ranking first in the world. Titanium processing materials are about 27,000 tons, and Baoti's titanium processing materials in 2008 are 11,000 tons. Titanium ingot production is about 50,000 tons. Baotai only accounts for more than 1/5. Titanium is the largest consumer in China's chemical industry, accounting for about 44% of the national titanium consumption, aerospace accounting for about 17%, and the titanium consumption in the sports and leisure field is 16%, ranking third. (According to 2007 statistics). In the United States and Europe, titanium materials are mainly used in the aerospace field, accounting for about 60%. In Japan, titanium materials are mainly used in chemical and electric fields, accounting for about 50%. In China, it is mainly used in the fields of chemical industry, sports and leisure, accounting for about 70%. Major foreign titanium producers include American Titanium, Timet, RTI International Metals, Allegheny, Japan's Kobe Steel, Sumitomo Titanium and Nippon Steel. Russia's VSMPO-AVISMA.

How is the titanium rod processed? Before we had no contact with titanium, we all had a mysterious feeling about titanium. Indeed, titanium is an emerging metal. In the 20th century, when it comes to titanium, many of us, both young and old, will feel very unfamiliar. Not to mention the whole country, even though Baoji is known as China's titanium city, not many people know about titanium. Therefore, titanium is called a rare metal. Among the once-established China Rare Rare Earth Groups, there are Baoti Group and Zunyi Titanium Industry. In fact, titanium is not a scarce element on earth, and it ranks among the top ten among all elements. Discharging it into rare metals is mainly due to the difficulty of smelting and the complex process, resulting in high production costs, so the market price is high. The price of titanium is about ten times that of stainless steel and about 100 times that of ordinary steel. It is unaffordable in ordinary places, and so far it has only been used in places where it is affordable or necessary, such as aerospace, aviation, military, chemical, medical and other places. The Chinese civil market was only widely used in the mid-1970s. Now, as the application of titanium metal becomes more and more extensive, and the production capacity of titanium increases significantly year by year, more and more people know and understand titanium. Now the application of titanium In addition to aircraft, rockets, missiles, submarines in the defense industry, chemical industry, medicine, sports, automobiles, construction, and daily life have titanium and titanium alloy applications. And in the future, the pie of titanium industry will become bigger and bigger, develop faster and faster, and be applied more and more widely. Titanium is a sunrise industry. So we should all have confidence in the future of our business.

Why do we talk about the application of titanium first? The reason is that we work in the titanium industry every day, so we should know where the products we produce are used. Otherwise, relatives and friends will ask you what titanium is used for, and where are they used? , it would be embarrassing not to answer. When people in the sales department know this, they know where to find the market, and when people in the quality department know this, they know why the standards for titanium materials require this. Titanium was discovered by British analytical chemist Gregor Gregor in the Monachen Valley in England in 1789. Although he was very interested, it did not attract people's attention. It was not until the 1940s and 1950s that it began to develop. The application of titanium has only a history of more than 50 years. At the beginning, it was the first time in 1954 that Americans smelted titanium alloy, that is, Ti-6AI-4V. The earliest application of titanium started from the aviation industry. Later, in the development of rockets, missiles, artificial satellites, and aerospace equipment, many advantages of titanium were considered, and it became one of the important materials used in these fields. Up to now, it has been widely used in civilian and daily-use products. Across all industries. Here are 12 aspects:

1. Aviation field

The largest user of titanium materials in the past and now is the aviation industry. Now both military and civil aircraft are widely used titanium and titanium alloy materials, and the amount directly affects the rise and fall of the titanium industry. If the world economy enters a recession, it will directly reflect In the world's aviation industry, there are fewer people traveling by plane, and the aviation industry in various countries will be depressed, and there will be fewer aircraft orders and less titanium consumption. After the 9.11 incident in the United States in 2001, the world aviation industry had a short period of low ebb, and there was a short-term adjustment. As a result, the titanium industry also shrank for a period of time. During the period of slow recession, the world economy was also affected to a certain extent, but at present it is not obvious that it will have much impact on the titanium industry. Titanium is mainly used in aircraft in the following places.

(1) It is the engine. The amount of titanium used in each engine accounts for 20 to 30% of the total weight of the engine. It is mainly the components of the compressor, including blades, hubs, inlet guide valves, and casings.

(2) It is the skeleton of the aircraft. The amount of titanium used in this aspect is also very large. Because of the high specific strength of titanium alloys, titanium is the first choice among all metal materials for the skeleton. We all know that our country also needs to manufacture large aircraft, one of which is very important. The hardware is a large tonnage forging machine. At present, the largest titanium alloy die forging machine in the world is a Russian one with 75,000 tons. Now a project has been established in Yanliang, Xi'an, and an 80,000-ton die forging machine is being prepared. The first phase The 40,000-ton project will cost 195 million yuan, and it will be put into operation at the end of 2009. The second-phase project will cost 850,000 yuan for the 80,000-ton project. What material are these die forging machines forging, that is, the aircraft frame of titanium alloy material. Especially the middle and rear of the rack. The middle section is the connecting section between the wing and the fuselage, which is the most stressed part of the frame, and the rear section is the installation part of the engine, which is also an important part of the force.

(C) is the landing gear. Support frame and so on. Many aircraft crashes occur during take-off and landing, because the load and impact force of the aircraft during take-off and landing are very large, so the requirements for the landing gear are very high. The choice of titanium alloy not only ensures the performance requirements of high strength and impact resistance, but also is lighter than the choice of high-quality steel.

(4) It is a riveting piece for the wing skin and internal fixing. Some aircraft choose titanium material as the wing skin, mainly for some military aircraft. There are tens of thousands of rivets and fasteners on an aircraft. Our country produces cold There are three or four professional standard parts factories for hot rivets and fasteners. Their factories only produce various types of bolts, nuts and rivets, most of which are made of titanium and titanium alloys. .

So how much titanium does a plane use? For example, everyone has heard of the Boeing 747 aircraft in the United States. One of this aircraft uses 35 tons of titanium. The Russian Su-27ck used 8 tons of titanium, the early American F-15 used 7 tons of titanium, accounting for 25% of the total weight of the body, and the later F-15 used 8 tons of titanium. -22 is the fourth-generation fighter in the real sense in the world. By July 2007, 100 aircraft have been delivered. This type of aircraft is the most used type of titanium alloy and composite materials in American fighter aircraft. One F/A -22 body titanium alloy uses an astonishing 36 tons of rough embryos. The finished titanium parts accounted for 41% of the total weight of the aircraft. There are no statistics on how many military and civilian aircraft are in the world, but we can know from here that the aviation industry is a big buyer of the titanium industry. Therefore, the aviation industry is prosperous, and the titanium industry is also prosperous. Many foreign companies choose Chinese titanium products because of our price advantage.

2. Aerospace

Titanium and titanium alloys can be used in high-pressure containers, fuel tanks, rocket engines and missile casings in the rocket, missile and spacecraft industries. Spaceship cabin skin and structural skeleton. Main landing gear. Lunar module, etc.

At present, the world's annual titanium used for space flight has reached more than 1,000 tons. The amount of titanium used in aerospace products is close to that of aviation. The US space shuttle uses more titanium than ordinary military and civil aircraft. The fuselage, engine bracket and engine compressor, vertical tail and elevator auxiliary wings of the US Columbia space shuttle are all titanium materials. made. Various countries launch many rockets every year to send various artificial satellites to the sky. The engine of the rocket is not as big as the skeleton of the plane, and the compressor of the engine is also made of titanium. According to reports, titanium materials are also widely used for processing parts on the international space station abroad. The cockpit of the "Mercury" spacecraft uses 168 kg of titanium, accounting for 80% of its total weight. The "Apollo" spacecraft uses a total of 1180Kg of titanium in brackets, fasteners, fixtures, mechanical cabins, lunar modules, and hydraulic tanks. There are many types of missiles in the world, and the number is very large. Whether it is a general missile or an intercontinental missile, each missile has an engine regardless of its size. Its blades and engine body are made of titanium, and its fuel oxidant tank is also They are all made of titanium. We can only estimate how much titanium material is used, because that country will not announce how many missiles it has.

3. Other military fields

In the corrosive environment of the ocean, titanium materials are widely used in warships and submarines, such as the pressure-resistant shell of submarines, rudders, shaft brackets, ball valves, fire extinguishing pumps, heat exchangers, coolers, hull sonar diversion Hoods, thrusters and thruster shafts of water jet propulsion systems of power units, .ship piping systems, castings, etc. In addition to the weapon system, many places are made of titanium materials. According to reports, an all-titanium submarine produced by Russia, each with 3,000 to 3,500 tons of titanium, can double the diving depth. It can sail in the deep sea up to 4500 meters. At the same time, the speed is greatly increased due to the reduced overall weight. Some equipment on other ships such as condensers, steam generators, valves, large flanges, torpedo launchers, whip antennas, and pump bodies are all made of titanium. In addition, some devices such as gun barrels, armored vehicles, engineer equipment, and new combat vehicles also use titanium materials. For example, the base of the current mortar is titanium alloy.

4. Chemical system

In petrochemical, fertilizer, acid-base, sodium, chlorine and seawater desalination industries, titanium and titanium alloys can be used to manufacture heat exchangers, reaction towers, stills, scrubbers, synthesizers, autoclaves. Pumps. Pipes, etc.

In terms of consumption, the chemical system is a major user of the titanium industry in civilian use. In 2007, the output value of 10 large-scale titanium equipment enterprises in the country reached 1.36181 billion yuan. It has excellent corrosion resistance in salt media, and at the same time has the advantages of light weight and high specific strength, so it is widely used in chemical, petroleum, marine engineering and other fields. Although the cost of using titanium materials is higher, it is still cost-effective to use titanium materials in terms of comprehensive life cycle, strength, and environmental impact, and significant economic benefits can be obtained. There are five main areas in the chemical industry:

(1) Soda ash industry

Soda ash, the scientific name is sodium carbonate, is one of the basic chemical raw materials, and the market demand is very large. Equipment using ammonia-alkali method or combined alkali-making method will be strongly corroded by media such as sodium chloride and ammonium chloride. If steel or stainless steel is used, equipment must be replaced frequently, production and maintenance are often stopped, and the loss is very large, while titanium material is used for 5 years The above is intact, and this titanium material is very worthwhile. In the past, the external cooler used in the soda ash industry to cool the crystalline ammonium chloride mother liquor was made of carbon steel, with a lifespan of only 1 to 4 years, while the corrosion rate of titanium material was only 0.001mm/year. At least for decades.

(2) Chlor-alkali industry

The chlor-alkali industry uses the salt we eat to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine products, such as hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite, through electrolysis. Sodium hydroxide is the main raw material in the paper industry, and sodium hypochlorite is widely used in disinfection. In the past, graphite electrodes have been used as insoluble anodes for electrolysis, but many problems have arisen in actual production. For example, because graphite is not resistant to high temperature and salt water corrosion, its service life is generally only 4 to 9 months. Corrosion causes the pole distance to gradually increase, and the power consumption also increases. In addition, because the graphite is corroded and falls off, it enters the lye, which reduces the quality of the lye. After being replaced with titanium anode, it is resistant to high temperature salt water corrosion, has excellent electrical conductivity, little change in pole distance, stable cell voltage, and anode service life can reach more than 10 years. And the quality of lye has been significantly improved. The comprehensive benefit is greatly improved. (The titanium anode is a pure copper rod as large as the inner diameter is inserted into the titanium tube, and then processed into various shapes by rolling, cut into a certain length, and then sealed with titanium at one end.) So in this Titanium anodes are widely used in the industry.

(3) Bleaching powder industry

Bleaching powder is one of chlorine products, and bleaching powder is widely used in the textile printing and dyeing industry. Because the equipment for producing bleaching powder is exposed to strong corrosive media such as wet chlorine gas and hypochlorite, the corrosion problem is very serious, the equipment maintenance workload is heavy, and production is often shut down for maintenance. The operating rate of general enterprises is very low, especially the horizontal arm of the reaction tower. And scraper, corrosion is very serious.

After using the titanium cross arm and titanium scraper, the operation is good, the effect is very significant, and good economic benefits are achieved, the cost of maintenance and replacement of equipment is greatly reduced, and the output of bleaching powder is significantly increased.

(4) Urea industry

Urea is one of the main chemical fertilizers and is a high-quality and efficient nitrogen fertilizer. In recent years, the production scale of urea at home and abroad is very large, and the corrosion problem of urea synthesis tower is very large. In the past, the use of stainless steel materials to manufacture synthesis towers has local corrosion problems, and the operating temperature is limited to within 190 ° C, and the corrosion rate will be doubled beyond this temperature. Increase, which limits the temperature of synthetic urea, the conversion rate of urea is very low, the use of pure titanium lined urea synthesis tower, not only solves the problem of corrosion, but also improves the conversion rate of synthetic urea. In the urea production equipment, the stripper, the decomposition system, the reciprocating high-pressure methylammonium pump, the pressure reducing valve, etc. are now made of titanium materials.

(5) Other chemicals

The chemical industry also has many varieties such as lactam, maleic anhydride, propylene, acetone, terephthalic acid, acetaldehyde, etc. The production equipment is also widely used in titanium materials, mainly in the production equipment of titanium plates and titanium tubes. Reactor, and connecting pipes. Moreover, the service life of the reaction kettles is certain, and the replacement is also very frequent. Some reaction kettles are very large, and each of them weighs several tons or dozens of tons. In addition, when dealing with corrosive substances such as nitric acid, organic acid, and hydrochloric acid Titanium containers, heat exchangers, tanks, agitators, coolers and piping systems are also widely used in hydrogen sulfide, etc. Therefore, there are many pressure vessel manufacturers in the titanium industry across the country, and a large amount of titanium plates and titanium tubes are consumed every year. .

5. Application of titanium equipment in petroleum industry

Petroleum is refined to produce gasoline, diesel, kerosene and other products, but crude oil contains sulfides and chlorides, which are very corroded to equipment, especially for petroleum refining equipment such as primary distillation towers, atmospheric tower tops, and tower top condensers using titanium materials The above-mentioned equipment manufactured achieves good results and basically solves the corrosion problem of the equipment.

Refineries widely use titanium equipment in catalytic cracking, process water treatment, hydrorefining, desulfurization, separation of unsaturation, hydrogen purification, reforming, tubular distillation and polymerization.

6. Titanium

Application of equipment in metallurgical industry

With the rapid development of the metallurgical industry, titanium has been popularized and applied as a structural material with high strength and corrosion resistance. In the process of hydrometallurgy, the development of hydrometallurgy is limited because the equipment is exposed to alkali, acid and various highly corrosive gases, soot, traditional aluminum alloy, acid-resistant stainless steel and other materials cannot meet the needs of the production process. The use of titanium equipment is of great significance for improving production efficiency, solving common phenomena such as running, dripping, dripping, and leaking in hydrometallurgy, and reducing environmental pollution.

(1) Application of titanium equipment in electrolytic nickel production

In the production of electrolytic nickel, the equipment is exposed to solutions with high acid content and active ions, and titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, so it is an ideal material for the manufacture of electrolytic nickel equipment.

The cathode mother plate in electrolytic nickel production has better economic effect and superior performance compared with stainless steel mother plate. For example, the deposited nickel skin is not easy to stick to the plate, the peeling is easy, the peeling rate is improved, and the starting plate of the titanium mother plate is flat. , good rigidity, uniform current density during electrolysis, etc. In addition, the heaters, pumps, valves, etc. in the electrolytic nickel production equipment also use titanium materials in large quantities.

(2) Application of titanium equipment in electrolytic copper production

The cathode rollers of electrolytic copper production equipment were originally steel cathode rollers. Due to the corrosion of the electrolyte, pitting corrosion occurred on the surface of the rollers, which affected the quality of the copper foil, and regular grinding of the rollers also wasted manpower and financial resources. These problems were solved with the use of titanium rollers. In addition, most of the heaters and cathode motherboards in the production of electrolytic copper are made of titanium.

(3) Hydrometallurgy of other metals

Titanium equipment is also used for cobalt, zinc, aluminum, mercury and other smelting, tungstic acid purification, etc. The main equipment in the metallurgical industry includes electrolyzers, reactors, washing towers, heat exchangers, agitators, evaporation devices, dust collection devices, etc. , have achieved significant benefits. In foreign countries, when the titanium pump is used to transport chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid, the life of the pump is 5-20 times longer than that of the cast iron pump or the stainless steel pump, and the liquid loss is reduced by three-fifths. The tank can be used for 3-4 years, while the steel storage tank can only be used for 2 months.

7. Application of titanium equipment in power industry

The condensers of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants are important equipment for generator sets, mainly in the coastal power industry. These enterprises use seawater to cool down condensate, and seawater contains a large amount of sediment, suspended substances, marine organisms, and various Corrosive substances, the situation is more serious in the brackish water where the seawater and the river water alternate. The traditional condenser is made of copper alloy tubes. The copper alloy tubes are corroded at a high rate in the seawater environment, and are often severely damaged. The condenser is corroded and leaked after running for about a year. As early as the 1970s in my country, the research on titanium tubes for power station condensers began. Baoti Group undertook the research and development of cold-rolled thin-walled seamless titanium tubes. After being used in the device, significant economic benefits have been achieved. The life of the titanium tube is increased by 4-6 times compared with the copper tube under the same environment, which ensures the stable and safe production of the power plant.

8. Application of titanium equipment in marine engineering

At present, titanium for marine engineering has become an important field of titanium products for civilian use.

(1) Offshore oil and gas development

Offshore oil production equipment mainly includes oil production platforms and auxiliary equipment, such as crude oil coolers, oil risers, pumps, valves, joints and fixtures. These devices are in contact with sulfide, ammonia, chlorine and other media in seawater and crude oil. Due to the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium in these media, the United States used titanium-made offshore oil platform pillars in its oil fields as early as the 1970s, and at the same time made tube heat exchangers and plate heat exchangers with titanium . The United States uses 100 titanium heat exchangers on a North Sea oil field rig.

Titanium drilling pipe has a long service life, its weight is only half of that of stainless steel, but its use flexibility is twice that of stainless steel, and its service life is 10 times that of stainless steel. In 2000, several companies in the United States put titanium drilling pipe Used in offshore oil production.

(2) Seawater desalination

Early seawater desalination devices used copper alloys, carbon steel and other materials, because these materials are not resistant to seawater corrosion and have low production efficiency, and were quickly replaced by titanium materials with excellent seawater corrosion resistance. In seawater desalination, the main application of titanium is the heating and heat transfer tubes of desalination plants. A Japanese company built 10 distillation plants for Saudi Arabia with a daily output of 30,000 tons of fresh water, using 3,200 tons of titanium tubes, and the device with an average daily output of 10,000 tons needs to use Titanium is 107 tons, and the amount of titanium used in seawater desalination projects built or under construction in Tianjin, Shandong and other places in my country is about 250 tons.

(3) Shipbuilding industry

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in ships, such as hull structural parts, deep-sea survey ships and ocean thermal energy conversion, marine fisheries. For example, the use of titanium mesh for artificial farming in coastal areas is basically not corroded at sea, and it does not need to be replaced after many years of use. A heat exchanger made of titanium tubes heats the sea water to keep the temperature required for the fish being raised. In the field of ocean thermal energy conversion, the main equipment evaporators, condensers, seawater suction pipes, and loop systems of thermoelectric power stations in the United States and Japan have used titanium equipment, and have achieved good results.

9. Medical applications

The application of titanium in medicine mainly has two aspects: one is pharmaceuticals, and the other is human implants.

(1) Application of titanium equipment in the pharmaceutical industry

In the pharmaceutical production process, the equipment is exposed to media such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid and its salts and organic solvents, and the corrosion of the equipment is very serious. If the production is often stopped for maintenance, it will affect the production, and the corrosion of the equipment will directly affect the quality of the medicine. Therefore, many pharmaceutical companies now use titanium materials for the air drying devices, pipes, screw feeders, heaters, and cyclones in the pharmaceutical equipment. On the one hand, the corrosion rate is only 0.008-0.003mm/a, and the most important thing is It ensures that the quality of the medicine will not be affected by the corrosion of the equipment.

(2) Application of titanium materials on the human body

Because titanium has high strength, low modulus, and good biocompatibility, it has now become a commonly used human bone replacement material in medical treatment. Titanium is used to make hip joints, elbow joints, bone screws, knee joints, and bone plates. .Dental implants (that is, dental implants, which are very expensive), denture brackets, crown bridges, and orthodontic wires, surgical instruments, heart rate regulator boxes, etc. Even now it has developed to titanium alloy precision casting prostheses. Some children's teeth grow irregularly and need to be corrected. The dental hospital will use memory alloy wires made of titanium-nickel alloy to correct them. For some people's blood vessels are narrowed in a certain part, the doctor will recommend implanting blood vessels made of titanium materials. Stents, people can now replace parts with titanium materials from head to toe. A 68-year-old Peter Horton in the United States has a serious heart disease. In order to save his life, doctors installed a titanium metal device in his heart , to help his heart pump blood, he lived on this device for another seven and a half years, becoming the longest living person with an artificial heart. However, medical titanium materials are the strictest and most critical in terms of quality requirements, especially the metallographic requirements can be said to be the most stringent, which are higher than the military requirements. There should be no segregation at low magnification, and the organization at high magnification should be very uniform.

10. Sporting goods

We see some high-income people playing golf on TV. The head of the shot on the club is made of titanium alloy.

Yatai Supplies Factory is specialized in the production of the ball box on the golf club, which is produced by the casting method. In addition, there are all-titanium bicycles, titanium badminton rackets, tennis rackets, saddles for horse racing riders, etc.

11. Automobile manufacturing industry

Since titanium is a material with light weight, high strength, high elasticity and good corrosion resistance, it can be used in automobiles to reduce weight, save energy, shock absorption, noise reduction, reduce pollution, prolong life and improve automobile safety and comfort. It is an ideal material to realize the lightweight of automobiles. However, due to the high price of titanium materials, it cannot be widely used in ordinary automobiles. Now it is only used in high-end cars and racing cars. The currently recognized automobile parts that can be replaced by titanium mainly include: Springs, connecting rods, valves, valve seats, rocker arms, exhaust pipes, mufflers, door mirror frames, front fenders, tailgates, doors, door side covers, fasteners, lug nuts, wheels, etc. The United States and Japan have successively used titanium materials in automobiles. As early as 1956, the United States produced the "Firebird 2" type all-titanium automobile. Japan's Mitsubishi and Honda companies have successively applied titanium materials to replace steel materials in some high-end cars and racing cars. In 2006, Audi America launched a titanium version of the 2006 Audi car.

12. Other fields

Recently, a motorcycle company in the United States launched a high-end motorcycle with an all-titanium frame and an all-titanium exhaust pipe. The body weighs 199.5 kilograms and the engine is a V2 type. The jewelry worn by women in the Americas includes COI titanium bracelets, titanium rings, titanium earrings, titanium pendants, and titanium diamond rings. Now the titanium jewelry produced in China is also quite exquisite. In terms of culture, titanium is not used too much now, but titanium materials are used in the casings of some high-end products such as digital cameras and notebook computers. In addition, a lot of titanium materials have been used on the roofs of buildings. In addition to Japan, China has already set a precedent in the National Centre for the Performing Arts. In addition, there are many new things in daily use, including titanium crutches, titanium tea boxes, titanium tableware, and titanium case watches. Yang Liwei on the China Shenwu spacecraft is wearing a titanium alloy watch to travel in space for 21 hours 23 minute. The two astronauts on the Shenzhou VI wear a watch made of titanium material with a weight of only 94 grams, which greatly improves the surface hardness and corrosion resistance, and has risen to a new height compared with titanium alloy watches. This process has not been reported, but it is likely to use ion nitridation.